What is Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis (OA) can be defined as the degeneration of the hyaline cartilage covering articular surfaces. Secondary effects of the disease include the inflammation of the synovial membrane and  subchondral bone (the bone in contact with the cartilage) and the formation of bony growths around the edges of the joint surface.

Osteoarthritis causes pain and functional impairment. It is closely linked to age, mostly affecting people in their 50s and 60s, and has a predisposition for the knee, certain joints in the hand (the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints), the hip and the small joints in the spine. However, the disease can occur in any joint and can affect one or more joints (polyarthritis).

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Inside the Human Skull

The human skull is a bony structure, part of the skeleton, that is in the human head and which supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.

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Understanding Our Food and Ankle

The foot is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates including human. It is the terminal portion of a let which bears weight and allows us to move freely with balance. The ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot.

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The Kidney

Kidney: One of a pair of organs located in the right and left side of the abdomen which clear "poisons" from the blood, regulate acid concentration and maintain water balance in the body by excreting urine. The kidneys are part of the urinary tract. The urine then passes through connecting tubes called "ureters" into the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until it is released during urination.

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